涂料和其他建筑涂层(染色、清漆、喷涂、密封剂)保护和美化了建筑物表面。一个好的涂布工作首先要进行彻底的表面准备，使表面(称为基材)准备好接受涂层。涂层材料必须仔细选择，并使用适当的工具和技术巧妙地应用。要完成这项工作，环境条件必须适合涂层的干燥或固化。
Paints and other architectural coatings (stains, varnishes, lacquers, sealers) protect and beautify the surfaces of buildings. A good coating job begins with thorough surface preparation to make the surface (called the substrate) ready to receive the coating. The coating materials must be carefully chosen and skillfully applied using the proper tools and techniques. To finish the job, environmental conditions must be right for the drying or curing of the coating.
材料成分 Material Ingredients
大多数建筑涂料由四种基本成分组成：成膜物质、溶剂、颜料和添加剂。
Most architectural coating materials are formulated with four basic types of ingredients: vehicles, solvents, pigments, and additives.
成膜物质或粘合剂提供对基底的附着力，并在其上形成一层膜；它通常被称为成膜剂。
The vehicle or binder provides adhesion to the substrate and forms a film over it; it is often referred to as a filmformer.
溶剂是用来改善油漆或涂层的工作性能的挥发性液体。涂料中最常用的溶剂是水和碳氢化合物，但也使用松节油、醇、酮、酯和醚。
Solvents are volatile liquids used to improve the working properties of the paint or coating. The most common solvents used in coating materials are water and hydrocarbons, but turpentine, alcohols, ketones, esters, and ethers are also used.
颜料是一种分割精细的固体，可为涂层材料添加颜色、不透明度和光泽控制。它们还赋予涂层硬度、耐磨性和耐候性。
Pigments are finely divided solids that add color, opacity, and gloss control to the coating material. They also impart hardness, abrasion resistance, and weatherability to the coating.
添加剂可以改变涂层材料的各种性能。例如，干燥剂是加速涂层固化的添加剂。其他添加剂可能与使用方便、抗褪色和其他功能有关。
Additives modify various properties of the coating material. Driers, for example, are additives that hasten the curing of the coating. Other additives may relate to ease of application, resistance to fading, and other functions.
溶剂型涂料和水性涂料 Solvent-Based Coatings and Water-Based Coatings
涂料主要分为两大类，溶剂型和水基型。溶剂型涂料中最常见的溶剂是醇酸树脂、聚氨酯树脂或天然油，这些涂料通过溶剂蒸发、溶剂的氧化或溶剂与空气中的湿度反应产生的湿气固化而固化。油性涂料的清理通常是用矿物油进行的。水性涂料使用水作为溶剂。大多数水性涂料的成膜物质都是乙烯基树脂或丙烯酸树脂。清洁工作是用肥皂和水来完成的。在日常使用中，溶剂型涂料通常被称为“油漆”或“醇酸漆”，而水性涂料则被称为“乳胶漆”。
Coatings fall into two major groups, solvent-based andwater-based. The most common solvents in solvent-basedcoatings are alkyd or polyurethane resins, or natural oils.These coatings cure by evaporation of the solvent, oxidationof the vehicle, or moisture curing from reaction ofthe vehicle with humidity in the air. Cleanup after paintingis usually done with mineral spirits. Water-based coatingsuse water as the solvent. Most vehicles in water-basedcoatings are vinyl or acrylic resins. Cleanup is done withsoap and water. In everyday use, solvent-based paints aremost often referred to as “oil paints” or “alkyd paints” andthe water-based paints as “latex paints.”
从历史上看，水性和溶剂型涂料都有它们首选的用途。醇酸漆的表面比水性漆更光滑、更坚硬，特别是在需要舒适、高光泽的地方，更受室内涂料的青睐。醇酸底漆还提供了卓越的覆盖能力和对有问题的底材的可靠附着力。相比之下，乳胶漆在使用过程中产生的气味比醇酸漆少，醇酸漆是翻新工程中的一个重要考虑因素，因为建筑住户可能会暴露在油漆烟雾中。在用于外部装修时，乳胶漆可以产生更灵活的涂层，当基材随着温度和湿度的变化而膨胀和收缩时，可以不断裂地拉伸。乳胶涂料的透气性也更好，减少了湿气滞留在油漆壁板或饰边后面的几率。
Historically, water-based and solvent-based coatingseach had uses for which they were preferred. Alkyd paintsgave a smoother, harder surface than water-based paintsand were favored for interior painting, especially where adurable, high-gloss finish was desired. Alkyd primers alsooffered superior covering ability and reliable adhesion toproblematic substrates. In comparison, latex paints generatedfewer odors during application than alkyd paints,an important consideration for renovation work wherebuilding occupants could be exposed to paint fumes.Where used for exterior finishing, latex paints produceda more flexible coating able to stretch without breakingwhen subjected to expansion and contraction of the substratewith changes in temperature and humidity. Latexcoatings are also more breathable, lessening the chanceof moisture being trapped behind painted siding or trim.
然而，许多溶剂型涂料也比水性涂料排放更多的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)。由于污染法规和受可持续性影响的室内空气质量标准对VOC排放的限制越来越严格，溶剂型涂料的使用量明显减少。作为回应，制造商努力改进水性涂料的配方，使今天可以获得的低VOC甚至零VOC排放的水性涂料在几乎所有的应用中都能与溶剂型涂料的性能相媲美。
However, many solvent-based coatings also emit significantlymore volatile organic compounds (VOCs) thanwater-based coatings. As pollution regulations and sustainability-influenced indoor air quality standards haveplaced increasingly strict limits on VOC emissions, theuse of solvent-based coatings has decreased markedly.In response, manufacturers have worked to improve theformulation of water-based coatings to the extent that,today, water-based coatings with low VOC or even no VOCemissions are available that can equal the performance ofsolvent-based coatings in almost all applications.
溶剂型涂料的VOC排放也可以通过增加涂料的固体含量和降低涂料的溶剂含量或使用不受低VOC法规约束的溶剂来降低。新的市场还有混合醇酸-水乳液涂料，其中的醇酸树脂悬浮在水中。这些产品提供了许多传统醇酸的优点，例如易于使用、良好的覆盖性和耐久性，但在低VOC配方中，可以用水清洗。
VOC emissions from solvent-based coatings can alsobe lowered by increasing the solids content and loweringthe solvent content of the coating or using solventsthat are exempt from low-VOC regulations. Also new tomarket are hybrid alkyd-water emulsion coatings in whichalkyd resins are suspended in water. These products offermany of the advantages of traditional alkyds, such as easeof application, excellent coverage, and durability, but inlow-VOC formulations that can be cleaned up with water.
油漆和涂料的种类 Types of Paints and Coatings
不同类型的建筑涂料可以由每种涂料中的成膜物质、溶剂、颜料和添加剂的相对比例来定义。
The various types of architectural coatings can be defined by the relative proportions of vehicle, solvent, pigment,and additives in each.
油漆中的色素含量相对较高，最高的色素含量出现在平坦的油漆中，即干燥到完全无光泽的表面纹理。平面涂料中的成膜载体比例相对较低。
Paints contain relatively high amounts of pigment.The highest pigment content is in flat paints, those that dry to a completely matte surface texture. Flat paints contain a relatively low proportion of film-forming vehicle.
能产生更有光泽表面的涂料被称为搪瓷。一种高光泽度的搪瓷含有很高比例的颜料和相对较低比例的颜料，颜料固化后会形成一层坚硬、有光泽的薄膜，颜料完全浸入其中。半色搪瓷的涂饰比例稍低，但仍高于平漆。
Paints that produce glossier surfaces are referred to as enamels. A high-gloss enamel contains a very high proportion of vehicle and a relatively low proportion of pigment.The vehicle cures to form a hard, shiny film in which the pigment is fully submerged. A semigloss enamel has a somewhat lower proportion of vehicle, though still more than a flat paint.
染色的范围从透明染色渍到半透明和固体染色。透明污渍只用于改变基材的颜色，通常是木质的，有时也是混凝土的。它们很少或根本不含助剂或颜料，含有很高比例的溶剂和染料添加剂。涂抹几分钟后，用抹布擦去多余的污渍，只留下渗透到基材上的污渍。通常，用透明着色剂染色的表面随后会被涂上清漆等透明表面，以显出木材的颜色和形状，并产生耐用的、易于清洁的表面。
Stains range from transparent stains to semitransparent and solid stains. Transparent stains are intended only to change the color of the substrate, usually wood and sometimes concrete. They contain little or no vehicle or pigment, a very high proportion of solvent, and a dye additive. Excess stain is wiped off with a rag a few minutes after application, leaving only the stain that has penetrated the substrate. Usually, a surface stained with a transparent stain is subsequently coated with a clear finish such as varnish to bring out the color and figure of the wood and produce a durable, easily cleaned surface.
半透明的污渍比透明的污渍含有更多的色素和色泽。涂抹后不会擦拭。它们是用于外涂的，有两层，不需要透明的面漆。固体污渍也是自给自足的，通常是水基的。这些污渍比其他两种污渍含有更多的色素和颜料，更像是稀薄的油漆，而不是真正的污渍。它们是供外部使用的。
Semitransparent stains have more pigment and vehicle than transparent ones. They are not wiped after application. They are intended for exterior application in two coats and do not require a clear topcoat. Also selfsufficientare the solid stains, which are usually water based. These contain much more pigment and vehicle than the other two types of stains and resemble a dilute paint more than they do a true stain. They are intended for exterior use.
这种透明涂料的挥发物和溶剂含量都很高，几乎不含颜料。它们的目的是保护基材，使其更容易保持清洁，并带出其固有的美，无论是木头、金属、石头还是砖头。漆是一种透明的涂料，通过溶剂蒸发可以极快地干燥。它们是以硝化纤维素或丙烯酸为基础的，主要用于工厂和商店的橱柜和木制品的快速整理。干燥速度较慢的透明涂料称为清漆。清漆可以是溶剂清漆，也可以是水基清漆。它们中的大多数通过油料的氧化或湿气固化而变硬。清漆可用于现场涂饰。清漆和漆有光泽、半光泽和平面配方可供选择。
The clear coatings are high in vehicle and solvent content and contain little or no pigment. Their purpose is to protect the substrate, make it easier to keep clean,and bring out its inherent beauty, whether it be wood,metal, stone, or brick. Lacquers are clear coatings that dry extremely rapidly by solvent evaporation. They are based on nitrocellulose or acrylics and are employed chiefly in factories and shops for rapid finishing of cabinets and millwork. A slower-drying clear coating is known as a varnish.Varnishes may be either solvent or water based. Most of them harden either by oxidation of an oil vehicle or by moisture curing. Varnishes are useful for on-site finishing.Varnishes and lacquers are available in gloss, semigloss,and flat formulations.
紫胶是一种透明的室内涂料，由一种特定的亚洲昆虫的分泌物溶解在酒精中制成。紫胶干得很快，表面很好，但它很容易被水或酒精损坏。
Shellac is a clear coating for interior use that is made from secretions of a particular Asian insect that have been dissolved in alcohol.Shellac dries rapidly and gives a very fine finish, but it is highly susceptible to damage by water or alcohol.
有许多饰面，主要用于家具和室内木制品，它们是基于天然油和蜡的简单配方。煮熟的亚麻油和松节油的混合物，在木头上连续涂上许多层，就会产生柔软的防水效果，在视觉、嗅觉和触感上都很吸引人。像蜂蜡和巴西棕榈油这样的蜡可以在密封的(有时是非密封的)木材和砖石表面上摩擦，以获得令人愉快的光泽。以蜡和油为基础的涂饰剂通常需要在使用期间定期重复使用，以保持表面的特性。
There are many finishes, intended primarily for furniture and indoor woodwork, that are based on simple formulations of natural oils and waxes. A mixture of boiled linseed oil and turpentine, rubbed into wood in many successive coats, gives a soft, water-resistant finish that is attractive to sight, smell, and touch. Waxes such as beeswax and carnauba can be rubbed over sealed (and sometimes unsealed) surfaces of wood and masonry to give apleasingly lustrous finish. Finishes based on waxes and oils usually require periodic reapplication during service to maintain the character of the surface.
有无数专门为特定目的配制的涂料。在膨胀涂料中增加钢的耐火性。工业用高性能涂料，如环氧树脂和聚氨酯，可提供比普通涂料更好的物理磨损、化学侵蚀和腐蚀性能。沥青涂料可用于某些屋面材料。以波特兰水泥为基料的涂料可用于砖石或混凝土。
There are countless specialized coatings formulated for particular purposes. In tumescent coatings add fire resistance to steel. Industrial highperformance coatings, such as epoxies and urethanes, provide greater resistance to physical wear, chemical attack,and corrosion than are possible with ordinary paints. Asphaltic coatings may be applied to some roofing materials.Coatings based on portland cement may be applied over masonry or concrete.
许多最新和最耐用的建筑涂料都是为工厂而设计的，在工厂里，受控的环境条件和定制的机器允许使用许多类型的材料和技术，而这些材料和技术在现场很难或不可能使用。其中包括粉末涂料，它被喷涂在干燥的表面，并通过加热熔化成连续的薄膜；高耐久、多组分的涂料配方，如含氟聚合物面漆，以及许多其他产品。
Many of the newest and most durable architectural coatings are designed to be applied in the factory, where controlled environmental conditions and customized machines permit the use of many types of materials and techniques that would be difficult or impossible to use in the field. These include powder coatings, which are sprayed on dry and fused into continuous films by the application of heat; highly durable, multicomponent coating formulations such as fluoropolymer finishes , and many others.
建筑涂料的施工 Field Application of Architectural Coatings
没有哪方面的油漆和整理工作比表面准备更重要。除非基材是干净的，干燥的，光滑的，和良好的，否则没有油漆或清洁涂料将表现令人满意。木材表面的正常准备工作包括刮削和砂光以去除之前的涂层，修补和填充孔洞和裂缝，以及砂光表面使其光滑。金属的制备可能涉及用溶剂清洗以去除油脂;刮擦和钢丝刷去除腐蚀和磨鳞;如果腐蚀和鳞片坚韧，进行喷砂;并且，在一些金属上，化学蚀刻裸露的金属，以改善油漆粘结。新的砌体、混凝土和石膏表面通常需要在涂覆前进行一些处理，以确保材料内部的化学固化反应完成，并且多余的水已经从材料中蒸发掉。
No aspect of painting and finishing work is more importantthan surface preparation. Unless the substrate isclean, dry, smooth, and sound, no paint or clear coatingwill perform satisfactorily. Normal preparation of woodsurfaces involves scraping and sanding to remove anyprevious coatings, patching and filling holes and cracks,and sanding the surface to make it smooth. Preparationof metals may involve cleaning with solvents to remove oiland grease; scraping and wire brushing to remove corrosionand mill scale; sandblasting if the corrosion and scaleare tenacious; and, on some metals, chemical etching ofthe bare metal to improve the paint bond. New masonry,concrete, and plaster surfaces generally require someaging before coating to ensure that the chemical curingreactions within the materials themselves are completeand that excess water has evaporated from the material.
许多材料是专门设计用来准备表面接受油漆或清除涂料的。在整理之前，巴斯德填充物用于填充开放纹理木材(如橡木、胡桃木和桃花心木)的小孔隙。各种修补和填缝化合物用于填充基材的较大孔洞。底漆是一种特殊配方的着色涂料，可以使表面更易于涂漆。例如，木材底漆可以改善油漆与木材的粘附性。它还使木材表面的纤维变硬，因此可以在底漆后用砂纸打磨光滑。其他底漆可作为各种金属、砌体材料、石膏和石膏板的第一层涂料。高质量作品中的木饰和外壳在安装前通过在其背面涂底漆进行背底漆;这有助于平衡湿度变化期间木材两边的水分变化速率，从而减少拔火罐和其他变形。密封剂是一种薄的、无色素的液体，可以认为是透明涂料的底漆。它封闭基材的孔隙，使透明涂层不会被吸收。
A number of materials are designed specifically toprepare a surface to receive paints or clear coatings. Pastefillers are used to fill the small pores in open-grainedwoods such as oak, walnut, and mahogany prior to finishing.Various patching and caulking compounds serve tofill larger holes in substrates. A primer is a pigmented coatingespecially formulated to make a surface more paintable.A wood primer, for example, improves the adhesionof paint to wood. It also hardens the surface fibers ofthe wood so that it can be sanded smooth after priming.Other primers are designed as first coats for various metals,masonry materials, plaster, and gypsum board. Woodtrim and casings in high-quality work are back primed byapplying primer to their back surfaces before they areinstalled; this helps equalize the rate of moisture changeon both sides of the wood during periods of changinghumidity, which reduces cupping and other distortions.A sealer is a thin, unpigmented liquid that can be thoughtof as a primer for a clear coating. It seals the pores in thesubstrate so that the clear coating will not be absorbed.
为了防止过早干燥，被涂漆的表面不应暴露在阳光直射、极端温度或高速风中。油漆材料本身也应处于常温下。
To prevent premature drying, surfaces to be paintedshould not be exposed to direct sunlight, extreme temperatures,or high-speed winds. The paint materials themselvesshould also be at normal room temperature.
油漆和其他涂料可采用刷涂、辊涂、垫涂或喷涂。刷牙是最慢、最昂贵的方法;它是最好的详细工作和适用于许多类型的污渍和清漆。喷洒是最快和最便宜的，但也是最难控制的。辊子应用是经济和有效的大范围的平坦表面。很多画家喜欢用沾有污渍的抹布在光滑的表面上涂抹透明的污渍。
Paint and other coatings may be applied by brush,roller, pad, or spray. Brushing is the slowest and mostexpensive method; it is best for detailed work and forapplying many types of stains and varnishes. Spraying isthe fastest and least expensive, but also the most difficultto control. Roller application is economical and effectivefor large expanses of flat surface. Many painters preferto apply transparent stains to smooth surfaces by rubbingwith a rag that has been saturated with stain.
一层油漆或清漆通常不足以覆盖基材并在其上形成所需的厚度。一个典型的要求是一层底漆加上两层饰面材料。原木通常需要涂两层清漆。在第一层涂层干燥后，表面用砂纸轻轻打磨，以产生一个光滑的表面，最后涂上涂层。
A single coat of paint or varnish is usually insufficientto cover the substrate and build the required thickness offilm over it. A typical requirement for a satisfactory paintcoating is one coat of primer plus two coats of finish material.Two coats of varnish are generally required over rawwood. The surface is lightly sanded after the first coat hasdried to produce a smooth surface to which the final coatis applied.
不同的涂料需要的固化时间从漆的几分钟到一些油漆的几天不等。在此期间，必须保持类似于涂料应用所需的环境条件，以确保涂料适当固化。
Different coatings require curing periods that rangefrom minutes for lacquers to days for some paints. Duringthis time, environmental conditions similar to thoserequired for the application of the coating must be maintainedto ensure that the coating cures properly.
油漆和饰面变质 Deterioration of Paints and Finishes
涂料是建筑物中最容易磨损和风化的部分，随着时间的推移，它们会恶化，需要重新涂漆。阳光的紫外线(UV)成分是特别有害的，会导致油漆褪色和油漆薄膜的化学分解。透明涂层特别容易受到紫外线的伤害，通常持续时间不超过一年，就会褪色和剥落，这就是为什么它们通常避免在外部位置。一些透明涂料是用特殊的防紫外线成分制造的，因此它们可能用于外部表面。油漆和其他涂料的另一个主要破坏力量是水。大部分油漆剥落是由于水进入漆膜后面并使其脱落。这种水在木墙板中最常见的来源是木材，当它被涂敷时，潮湿的木材，雨水在接缝处渗漏，以及水蒸气在冬季从潮湿的室内空间迁移到室外。良好的施工规范和适当的空气屏障和蒸汽缓速器设计可以最大限度地减少这些问题。
Coatings are the parts of a building that are exposed tothe most wear and weathering, and they deteriorate withtime, requiring recoating. The ultraviolet (UV) componentof sunlight is particularly damaging, causing fadingof paint colors and chemical decomposition of paintfilms. Clear coatings are especially susceptible to UV damage,often lasting no more than a year before discoloringand peeling, which is why they are generally avoided inexterior locations. Some clear coatings are manufacturedwith special UV-blocking ingredients so that they maybe used on exterior surfaces. The other major force ofdestruction for paints and other coatings is water. Mostpeeling of paint is caused by water getting behind thepaint film and lifting it off. The most common sourcesof this water in wood sidings are lumber that is dampat the time it is coated, rainwater leakage at joints, andwater vapor migrating from damp interior spaces to theoutdoors during the winter. Good construction practicesand proper design of air barriers and vapor retarders canminimize these problems.
其他导致建筑外壳恶化的主要力量是氧气、空气污染物、真菌、污垢、基材生锈或腐烂的降解以及机械磨损。大多数外部涂料的设计是为了“粉笔”缓慢响应这些力量，让雨水经常清洗表面干净。
Other major forces that cause deterioration of architecturalcoatings are oxygen, air pollutants, fungi, dirt,degradation of the substrate through rust or decay, andmechanical wear. Most exterior paints are designed to“chalk” slowly in response to these forces, allowing therain to wash the surface clean at frequent intervals.
典型建筑涂料系统 Typical Architectural Coating Systems
下表总结了建筑新表面涂料系统的一些典型规范。特别是醇酸涂料，应验证产品VOC排放是否符合适用的限值。
The accompanying table summarizes some typical specificationsof coating systems for new surfaces of buildings.Especially where alkyd coatings are indicated, conformanceof product VOC emissions to applicable limitsshould be verified.
建筑涂料系统标准 Standards for Architectural Coating Systems
大师画家协会(MPI)为油漆和绘画方法设定标准。它的涂层系统手册标准化和简化了完整的涂层系统的规范，即，适用于任何给定基材的表面处理，底漆和面漆的组合，并满足各种性能水平。
The Master Painters Institute (MPI) sets standards forpaints and painting methods. Its manual of coating systemsstandardizes and simplifies the specification of completecoating systems, that is, combinations of surfacepreparation, primer, and topcoats appropriate for anygiven substrate and meeting a variety of performancelevels.
油漆和其他建筑装饰的可持续性标准在不断演变。Green Seal的GS-11油漆和涂料标准为隐藏能力(不透明度)和清洁性设定了性能标准，限制vocs排放，并限制涂料中某些有毒或有害成分的包含。在撰写本文时，符合GS-11标准的低排放建筑涂料已经得到了LEED的认可。MPI的绿色性能标准在相同的性能、排放和限制成分的类别中建立标准，但以一种与该组织的其他产品标准更加紧密协调的方式。加州空气资源委员会制定的排放限制在许多可持续发展指南中都有参考，包括LEED评级系统。
Sustainability standards for paints and other architecturalcoatings continue to evolve. Green Seal’s GS-11 Standardfor Paints and Coatings sets performance standardsfor hiding power (opacity) and cleanability, limits VOCemissions, and restricts the inclusion of certain toxic orharmful ingredients in paints. Compliance with GS-11 is,at the time of this writing, recognized by LEED for creditfor low-emitting architectural paints and coatings. MPI’sGreen Performance Standards establish criteria in the samecategories of performance, emissions, and restrictedingredients, but in a manner that more closely coordinateswith that organization’s other product standards.Emissions limits set by the California Air Resources boardare referenced in many sustainability guidelines, includingthe LEED rating system.
